在线社交网络控制实验的现状与展望

在线社交网络已发展成为一个独特的电子生态系统，其应用深刻影响着人们生活的方方面面。由于在线社交网络特性复杂，分析在线社交网络形成和变化中的规律成为当前计算机科学、社会学和物理学的一项挑战。传统上，在线社交网络实证研究主要采用计算机辅助的被动数据获取和分析方式。近年来，在真实大规模在线社交网络上直接进行控制实验从而主动获取数据并开展分析研究的方式广受关注。评述了这一领域的研究进展，包括：社交网络控制实验的主要研究模式；控制实验方法在社交网络结构、信息传播、行为和心理学等领域取得的主要成果以及主要实验工具的适用条件和局限性。最后，展望了人工智能技术在社交网络控制实验中的应用潜力，分析了智能算法对降低实验成本和提高实验效率的作用。     

基于流量测点的热网变动阻力系数优化辨识

随着供热计量系统的普及，系统可以根据负荷的变化进行调整，管网的阻力系数随即发生变化。对变动阻力系数进行优化辨识是了解供热管网实时运行状况的有效手段。提出一种基于流量监测数据的供热管网变动阻力系数优化辨识方法，并利用遗传算法进行求解。对洛阳市某小区供暖季管网实际运行数据进行验证，辨识结果的相对误差在5%以内。结果表明：该方法可以在只有流量观测数据时得到精度较高的供热管网变动阻力系数，为供热系统的运行调节提供指导。     

介孔钯-硼合金纳米颗粒的制备和甲醇氧化电催化性能北大核心CSCD

合金化可以调节贵金属纳米材料的物理化学性质,从而显著提升它们的电催化性能。尽管合金化在过去的20多年里已取得诸多成果,但是如何充分发挥纳米合金的组分优势仍需深入的探究。本研究通过一步溶液相合成法实现了类金属硼(B)合金化的钯基介孔纳米催化剂材料的合成,同时探究了B原子的组分优势和介孔形貌的结构优势在碱性介质中电化学甲醇氧化反应(MOR)的协同作用。最优PdCuB介孔纳米催化剂表现出优异的电化学MOR活性和稳定性。机理研究表明,优异的催化活性源于B原子在Pd基介孔纳米催化剂中的积极协同作用;该协同作用通过电子效应(改变Pd的表面电子结构从而减弱CO基中间体的吸附)和双功能效应(促进OH_(2)的吸附从而氧化CO基中间体)在动力学上加速了有毒CO基中间体的去除(提高甲醇氧化的决速步骤)。同时,B原子的间隙插入和介孔结构抑制了物理奥斯特瓦尔德(Ostwald)熟化过程,显著增加了催化剂的稳定性。     

离子液体超声辅助萃取/LC-MS法测定环境水中痕量五氯酚

建立了离子液体超声辅助萃取/液相色谱-质谱联用测定环境水中痕量五氯酚(PCP)的方法。采用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[C4mim][PF6]为萃取剂,考察了试样体积、p H值、温度、超声萃取时间和无机盐含量等因素对PCP萃取效率的影响,试样在XDB C18(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm)色谱柱上,以甲醇-2 mmol/L醋酸铵溶液(70∶30)为流动相,电喷雾(ESI)电离负离子选择离子监测模式(SIM)进行测定。在优化的萃取条件下,PCP在0.005~1.0μg·L-1范围内具有良好线性,相关系数(r)为0.999 2,回收率为91.0%~97.0%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.1%~5.4%,日间RSD为3.8%~8.3%,定量下限为0.005μg·L-1。建立的方法简便、干扰少、特异性强,可用于环境水样中痕量PCP的测定。     

促进深度学习的专题复习教学*——以“碳及其化合物”为例

以促进学生的深度学习为基本理念,围绕“自然界的碳循环”“大气中CO₂的控减排”“化学家们合成的新型碳家族成员”等板块,设计并成功实施系列情境问题,在系列问题的讨论、分析、解决过程中帮助学生建构“碳”家族成员间相互转化的知识网络,提高学生思维的纵深度,引发高阶思维,促进深度学习。     

Emissions of PM10 from the co-combustion of high-Ca pyrolyzed biochar and high-Si coal under air and oxyfuel atmosphere

The single or co-combustion experiments of high-Ca pyrolyzed biochar and high-Si coal were carried out on a drop tube furnace (DTF) at 1300 °C under air and oxyfuel (CO₂:O₂=50:50, oxy50) conditions. The produced PM₁₀ (of an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less) was analyzed to investigate the interactions during co-combustion. Due to the characteristics of the selected samples (low S and Cl), the PM₁ emissions including PM_0.1 and PM_0.1–1 are very low during single combustion, except for the PM_0.1–1 emission during the combustion of biochar under oxy50 condition because of the massive partitioning of Mg, Ca and Fe. The interaction during co-combustion was observed to mainly occur in the generation of PM_1–10, and also slightly occur in the formation of PM_0.1–1 under oxy50 condition. The capture of Mg, Ca, and Fe from biochar by the Si-containing minerals in coal under the oxy50 condition results in a slight decrease in PM_0.1–1 during co-combustion. The higher the proportion of coal blended, the more obvious the reduction of elements. As for the formation of PM_1–10 during co-combustion, high-melting minerals of biochar would weaken the coalescence of minerals in coal to cause more PM₁₀, while the large mineral grains of coal would capture the minerals in biochar to generate more PM₁₀₊. Under the competition of the above two types of interactions, the experimental value of PM_1–10 yields was almost consistent with the theoretically calculated value, except for blended ratio of 80:20 (coal: biochar, air) or 50:50 (oxy50) with prior interaction predominating.     

原子荧光光谱法测定固体废弃物——氧化皮中的砷

建立了固体废弃物——氧化皮中砷的测定方法。氧化皮粉末样品经盐酸溶解,在溶液中添加硫脲和抗坏血酸预还原砷,以盐酸(2+98)为载流,硼氢化钠(10g/L)和氢氧化钾(5g/L)混合溶液为还原剂,砷与硼氢化钠、盐酸反应生成砷化氢,砷化氢利用氩气导入石英炉原子化器中原子化,以空心阴极灯为激发光源,测量砷产生的荧光强度。测试氧化皮中砷含量的相对标准偏差为不大于4.8%,检出限为0.12μg/L,回收率为97%～103%,结果准确度较好。方法具有试剂消耗少、快速、检出限低的优点。     

Preparation of sol–gel materials doped with ionic liquid and extractant for cerium(III) extraction

Silica materials (ILDEHPASGs) consisting of ionic liquids and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) for Ce(III) extraction was prepared by a sol–gel method using the hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₈mim]PF₆) as porogen and solvent medium. The ILDEHPASGs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared, and thermogravimetric analyses. The results indicated the doping of DEHPA and [C₈mim]PF₆ in ILDEHPASG-3 would evidently affect the formation of porous structure of sol–gel materials. ILDEHPASG-3 also possessed more channels and macropores than the blank sorbent; the surface area and pore volume of ILDEHPASG-3 were 409 m² g^?1 and 0.444 cm³ g^?1, respectively. [C₈mim]PF₆ and DEHPA were only physically confined or entrapped in the growing covalent silica network rather than chemically bound to the inorganic matrix. The majority of [C₈mim]PF₆ and DEHPA were stably immobilized in the gel. Then, the effects of contact time and pH were determined. The results showed the sorption of Ce(III) strongly depended on the contact time and pH, and ILDEHPASGs had high sorption ability for Ce(III). The results were analyzed by both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, and the latter was found to give a better fit.     

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects in amorphous and crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects of amorphous and crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons are investigated.A main phase with a Ho 12 Co 7-type monoclinic structure(space group P21/c) and a minor phase with a Ho4Co3-type hexagonal structure(space group P63/m) are obtained for crystalline ribbon after annealing.The amorphous ribbons order ferromagnetically and undergo a second-order transition at 192 K.For crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons,two magnetic phase transitions occur at 158 and 214 K,respectively.The peak value of-△SM under a field change of 0-5 T is 6.5 J/kg K at 192 K for amorphous Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons.A relatively large magnetic entropy change(～5.0 J/kg K) under a field change of 0-5 T for the crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons is obtained in the temperature interval range of 154-214 K.The large platform of magnetic entropy change and the negligible thermal/magnetic hysteresis loss mean the crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 compound can satisfy the requirement of the Ericsson-type refrigerator working in the temperature range from 154K to 214K.     

Recent advances in liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Depression is now the second largest public health burden throughout the world. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have replaced older antidepressants to become first-line medications to treat this disease with increased remission rates and markedly decreased incidence of severe adverse events. Traditional and modern bioanalytical strategies for SSRI and SNRI determination are being continuously improved. There has also been a recent increase in the use of unconventional sample preparation methods. This review critically evaluates the development of SSRI and SNRI liquid chromatographic analytical methods published between 2014 and mid-2019, with special attention to novel sample preparation methods.